Lithium battery classic 100 questions, it is recommended to ...

With the support of policies, the demand for lithium batteries will increase. The application of new technologies and new economic growth models will become the main driving force of the "lithium industry revolution." It can describe the future of listed lithium battery companies. Now sort out 100 questions about lithium batteries; welcome to collect!

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ONE. The basic principle and basic terminology of battery

1. What is a battery?

Batteries are energy conversion and storage devices that convert chemical or physical energy into electrical energy through reactions. According to the different energy conversions, batteries can be divided into chemical batteries and biological batteries.

A chemical battery, or chemical power source, is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It comprises two electrochemically active electrodes with different components, known as positive and negative electrodes, and an electrolyte that provides media conduction. When connected to an external carrier, it delivers electrical energy by converting its internal chemical energy.

A physical battery is a device that converts physical energy into electrical energy.

2. What are the differences between primary batteries and secondary batteries?

The main difference is in the active materials. The active material of the secondary battery is reversible, while that of the primary battery is not. The self-discharge rate of primary batteries is much lower than that of secondary batteries; however, the internal resistance of primary batteries is significantly higher, lowering their load capacity. Additionally, the mass-specific and volume-specific capacities of primary batteries are greater than those of rechargeable batteries.

3. What is the electrochemical principle of Ni-MH batteries?

Ni-MH batteries utilize Ni oxide as the positive electrode, hydrogen storage metal as the negative electrode, and lye (mainly KOH) as the electrolyte. The electrochemical reactions are as follows:

When charging:

Positive electrode reaction: Ni(OH)2 + OH- → NiOOH + H2O + e-

Negative electrode reaction: M + H2O + e- → MH + OH-

When discharging:

Positive electrode reaction: NiOOH + H2O + e- → Ni(OH)2 + OH-

Negative electrode reaction: MH + OH- → M + H2O + e-

4. What is the electrochemical principle of lithium-ion batteries?

The main component of the positive electrode of lithium-ion batteries is LiCoO2, while the negative electrode is mainly C. The reactions are as follows:

Charging:

Positive electrode reaction: LiCoO2 → Li1-xCoO2 + xLi+ + xe-

Negative reaction: C + xLi+ + xe- → CLix

Total battery reaction: LiCoO2 + C → Li1-xCoO2 + CLix

The reverse reaction occurs during discharge.

5. What are the commonly used standards for batteries?

Commonly used IEC standards for batteries include IEC-2 for nickel-metal hydride batteries. Lithium-ion batteries typically follow UL or national standards.

Common national standards for batteries include GB/T_, GB/T_; and for lithium batteries, GB/T_, YD/T998_, and GB/T_. Additionally, Japanese Industrial Standard JIS C is commonly used.

IEC, the International Electrical Commission, is a worldwide standardization organization that aims to promote global standardization in electrical and electronic fields.

6. What is the main structure of the Ni-MH battery?

The main components of nickel-metal hydride batteries include the positive electrode sheet (nickel oxide), negative electrode sheet (hydrogen storage alloy), electrolyte (mainly KOH), separator, sealing ring, positive electrode cap, and battery case.

7. What are the main structural components of lithium-ion batteries?

The main components of lithium-ion batteries are the upper and lower battery covers, positive electrode sheet (active material: lithium cobalt oxide), separator (a special composite membrane), negative electrode (active material: carbon), organic electrolyte, and battery case (constructed of either steel or aluminum).

8. What is the internal resistance of the battery?

Internal resistance refers to the resistance encountered by the current flowing through the battery during operation. It includes ohmic internal resistance and polarization internal resistance. High internal resistance reduces the discharge voltage and shortens discharge time, being significantly influenced by battery material, manufacturing process, and structure. It is a crucial parameter for measuring battery performance. Usually, the internal resistance in the charged state is regarded as the standard measurement.

9. What is the nominal voltage?

The nominal voltage of the battery is the voltage during standard operation. For nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride secondary batteries, it is 1.2V; for secondary lithium batteries, it is 3.6V.

10. What is open circuit voltage?

Open circuit voltage is the potential difference between the positive and negative electrodes of the battery when it is not working (no current flowing). Working voltage, or terminal voltage, is the potential difference when the battery is active, meaning current is flowing through the circuit.

11. What is the capacity of the battery?

Battery capacity can be classified into rated capacity and actual capacity. Rated capacity is the minimum amount of electricity the battery is designed to discharge under specific conditions. It is expressed in Ah or mAh. The actual capacity is the real power output under certain conditions, affected by discharge rate and temperature.

12. What is the residual discharge capacity of the battery?

The residual capacity refers to the power that can still be extracted after the battery has not fully discharged due to high discharge rates. It is crucial to discharge the battery to appropriate voltage levels to recover the residual capacity when using lower currents.

13. What is a discharge platform?

The discharge platform for Ni-MH batteries refers to the relatively stable voltage range during operation under specific discharge conditions, which can vary with current levels. For lithium-ion batteries, the charging specifications and limits define discharge standards as well.

Second the battery identification.

14. What is the marking method for rechargeable batteries specified by IEC?

According to SPC standards, the marking for Ni-MH batteries consists of five components. Each identifier provides critical information about the battery type, size, discharge characteristics, temperature resistance, and connection method. This enables clear identification and ensures correct usage.

15. What are the packaging materials of the battery?

The common packaging materials for batteries include non-dry meson (such as fiber paper), PVC film, stainless steel sheets for connections, protective components, and cartons for transport.

16. What is the purpose of battery packaging, assembly, and design?

The battery packaging aims to ensure safety, facilitate transportation, prevent short circuits, and maintain aesthetic appeal while also providing some functional features like waterproofing or voltage control.

Three, battery performance and testing

17. What are the main aspects of the performance of the secondary battery in general?

Key performance aspects include voltage, internal resistance, capacity, energy density, cycle life, self-discharge rate, sealing performance, and safety. Testing for these aspects is crucial for verifying the reliability of batteries.

18. What are the reliability test items of the battery?

Important tests include cycle life, discharge characteristics under varied rates and temperatures, charging behavior, self-discharge properties, and the battery's internal resistance characteristics.

19. What are the battery safety test items?

This consists of short-circuit tests, overcharge and over-discharge assessments, voltage withstand tests, and other impact and thermal tests to ensure the reliability and safety of battery operation.

20. What are the standard charging methods?

Ni-MH batteries are typically charged using constant current or constant voltage methods. Lithium batteries also commonly utilize a similar constant current and voltage charging procedure to ensure optimal performance.

21. What is the standard charge and discharge of Ni-MH batteries?

IEC standards outline specific charge and discharge protocols for Ni-MH batteries that involve initial discharge followed by controlled charging, ensuring uniform cycles for performance testing.

22. What is pulse charging? What is the impact on battery performance?

Pulse charging utilizes a sequence of rapid charge and discharge cycles to optimize the internal chemistry of batteries, potentially recovering capacity in older, worn batteries.

23. What is trickle charging?

Trickle charging replenishes lost capacity due to self-discharge in fully charged batteries by applying a low-level current.

24. What is charging efficiency?

Charging efficiency is a measure of how effectively energy is converted during charging, impacted mainly by battery technology and surrounding temperature.

25. What is discharge efficiency?

Discharge efficiency refers to the actual power delivered by the battery versus its rated capacity, influenced by discharge rates, ambient temperature, and internal resistance.

26. What is the output power of the battery?

The output power represents the energy available per time unit, calculated based on discharge current and voltage, with lower internal resistance resulting in higher power output.

27. What is the self-discharge of the secondary battery? What is the self-discharge rate of different types of batteries?

Self-discharge measures how quickly a battery loses stored power while at rest, influenced by manufacturing and ambient conditions.

28. What is a 24-hour self-discharge test?

It assesses the charge retention capability of lithium batteries over a 24-hour period under specified conditions, verifying the reliability of the battery design.

29. What is the difference between the internal resistance of charged and discharged states?

Internal resistance levels vary significantly between states, with charged states usually exhibiting lower and more stable resistance for performance measurement.

30. What is static resistance? What is dynamic resistance?

Static resistance is measured during discharge, while dynamic resistance is assessed during charging.

31. What is the standard overcharge resistance test?

This test involves discharging, followed by prolonged charging to ensure safety and performance standards are met without failure.

32. What is the IEC standard cycle life test?

This test monitors battery performance based on repeated charge and discharge cycles, ensuring longevity and reliability under specified conditions.

33. What is the internal pressure of the battery?

Internal pressure is a result of gases generated during reaction states, influenced by battery composition and operation parameters, monitored to avoid failure points.

34. What is the standard charge retention test?

This test assesses how well a battery retains charge after a specific cycle of charging and storage under controlled conditions.

35. What is a short circuit test?

This test evaluates battery stability when subjected to short-circuit conditions, ensuring there are no catastrophic failures.

36. What are the high temperature and high humidity tests?

These tests assess battery performance and durability under varying environmental conditions to simulate real-world usage scenarios.

37. What is a temperature rise experiment?

This experiment measures battery robustness characteristics under elevated temperature conditions to indicate heat tolerance limits.

38. What is a temperature cycling experiment?

Temperature cycling involves exposing a battery to alternating temperature extremes repeatedly to evaluate long-term stability and performance.

39. What is a drop test?

Dropped tests ensure physical durability through simulated impacts and shocks to verify battery resilience.

40. What is a vibration experiment?

This test evaluates battery performance under vibrational stress and ensures stability during operation.

41. What is an impact test?

Impact tests determine how well a battery withstands mechanical stress without failing.

42. What is a penetration experiment?

Penetration tests check the response of batteries to forced intrusions without resulting in catastrophic failures.

43. What is a fire experiment?

This tests the battery's ability to withstand high temperatures without leaking or catching fire.

Fourth, common battery problems and analysis

44. What certifications have the company's products passed?

Products have undergone ISO quality and environmental certification, gaining EU CE certification and North American UL certification, ensuring compliance with standards.

45. What is a Ready-To-Use battery?

The Ready-To-Use battery is a new Ni-MH battery variation with high charge retention and environmental safety.

46. Why is Ready-To-Use (HFR) the ideal product to replace disposable batteries?

It features lower self-discharge rates, enhanced storage time, strong over-discharge resistance, and high cycle lives, making it an eco-friendly alternative.

47. What are the precautions when using the battery?

Please carefully follow guidelines for battery handling, including storage, maintenance, and disposing of waste batteries properly to ensure safety and environmental integrity.

48. What is the difference between various standard rechargeable batteries?

Nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion batteries each have distinct characteristics suited for different applications, balancing performance, efficiency, and environmental impact.

49. What is the rate of discharge of the battery? What is the hourly rate of discharge of the storm?

Discharge rates are determined by the current in relation to the battery's rated capacity, impacting performance specifications.

50. Why is it necessary to keep the battery warm when shooting in winter?

Cold temperatures significantly reduce battery activity, affecting the device's operational efficiency in low conditions.

51. What is the operating temperature range of lithium-ion batteries?

Charging: -10 to 45°C; Discharging: -30 to 55°C.

52. Can batteries of different capacities be combined?

Mixing batteries of different capacities or ages can lead to malfunctions or leakages due to variable discharge rates during operation.

53. What is an external short circuit, and what impact does it have on battery performance?

Short circuits can lead to overheating and potential battery damage, underscoring the need for proper handling.

54. What are the main factors affecting battery life?

Charging practices, discharge depth, and storage conditions play critical roles in defining battery longevity.

55. Can the battery be stored in the appliance after it is used up or if it is not used for a long time?

Storing batteries in idle appliances should be avoided to prevent waste through self-discharge and potential damage.

56. What are the better conditions for battery storage? Do I need to charge the battery for long-term storage fully?

Optimal storage conditions include a cool, dry environment, and it's advisable to maintain around 40% charge for long-term retention.

57. What is a standard battery?

A standard battery serves as a benchmark for potential measurements, created for accurate, reliable electrical performance assessments.

58. What are the possible reasons for the zero voltage or low voltage of the single battery?

Causes can include external short circuits or excessive discharge rates, leading to battery failure.

59. What are the possible reasons for the zero voltage or low voltage of the battery pack?

Factors include individual battery failure, disconnection faults, or internal circuit issues in the battery pack.

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60. What are the control methods to prevent battery overcharging?

Various strategies, including voltage peak control and temperature differential detection, are employed to inhibit overcharging.

61. What are the possible reasons why the battery or battery pack cannot be charged?

Possible reasons include zero-voltage cells, connection issues, or defective charging sources, prompting service checks.

62. What are the possible reasons why it cannot discharge batteries and battery packs?

Insufficient charging or low ambient temperatures can lead to discharging failures, influencing battery efficacy.

63. What are the possible reasons for the short discharge time of batteries and battery packs?

Insufficient charging or high discharge rates can diminish battery life, significantly shortening discharge time.

64. What is overcharging, and how does it affect battery performance?

Overcharging leads to internal pressure increases, affecting battery longevity and reliability, leading to hazards.

65. What is over-discharge, and how does it affect battery performance?

Over-discharge diminishes voltage and can destroy active material reversibility, critically impacting battery capacity.

66. What are the main reasons for the expansion of rechargeable batteries?

Poor protection circuits, excessive currents, and overuse can cause degradation, leading to battery swelling.

67. What is the explosion of the battery? How to prevent battery explosion?

An explosion occurs due to rapid, violent discharges or reactions, necessitating controlled charging techniques to prevent incidents.

68. What are the types of battery protection components and their respective advantages and disadvantages?

Battery protection systems employ various devices, including thermal switches and fuses, each with unique protective characteristics and limitations.

69. What is a portable battery?

Portable batteries provide mobile power solutions, essential for various fast-moving electronic devices.

70. What are the characteristics of rechargeable portable batteries?

Rechargeable batteries convert stored energy efficiently and can produce reliable power through several cycles.

71. Can any charger be used for rechargeable portable batteries?

Chargers must be matched specifically to battery types; using the wrong charger can result in inefficiency or damage.

72. Can a rechargeable 1.2V portable battery replace the 1.5V alkaline manganese battery?

Yes, they can be used interchangeably under certain conditions due to closely matched voltage outputs during discharge.

73. What are the advantages and disadvantages of rechargeable batteries?

Rechargeable batteries have extended service life and are cost-effective; however, discharge behavior can be unpredictable.

74. What are the advantages of NiMH batteries? What are the benefits of lithium-ion batteries?

NiMH batteries offer environmental benefits and lower costs, while lithium-ion batteries deliver higher energy density and longevity.

75. What are the advantages of lithium iron phosphate batteries?

These batteries feature long lifespans, safety, and high-current discharge capabilities, making them suitable for diverse applications.

76. What are the advantages of lithium polymer batteries?

Lithium polymer batteries avoid leakage, offer thin designs, and allow unique shapes, enhancing versatility.

77. What is the principle of the charger? What are the main types?

Chargers convert AC to DC for battery use, with various designs catering to specific battery chemistry and performance needs.

Five, battery types and application areas

78. How to classify batteries?

Batteries can be classified based on their chemical reactions, physical properties, and usage applications.

79. What battery will dominate the battery market?

The market is trending toward smaller, lighter, and more intelligent secondary batteries for portable electronic devices.

80. What is an intelligent secondary battery?

Smart batteries feature integrated chips that provide detailed performance data, promising to enhance usability in numerous devices.

81. What is a paper battery?

Paper batteries represent an innovative approach using nanomaterials for energy storage, featuring light, flexible designs for portability.

82. What is a photovoltaic cell?

Photovoltaic cells convert light energy directly into electrical power, contributing to renewable energy solutions.

83. What is a solar cell? What are the advantages of solar cells?

Solar cells transform sunlight into electricity, with notable benefits including sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of installation.

84. What is a fuel cell? How to classify?

Fuel cells convert chemical energy from fuels into electrical energy, classified primarily by the type of electrolyte used.

85. Why do fuel cells have excellent development potential?

Fuel cells are gaining traction for their high efficiency, low environmental impact, and versatile fuel usage capabilities.

86. What is a nano battery?

Nano batteries leverage nanotechnology to enhance performance and are suited for applications in electric vehicles and renewable energy systems.

87. What is a plastic lithium-ion battery?

A plastic lithium-ion battery utilizes polymer electrolytes for enhanced safety and flexibility in various applications.

88. Which equipment is best used for rechargeable batteries?

Rechargeable batteries are best paired with energy-intensive devices, optimizing performance and lifecycle.

89. What are the voltages and application areas of different types of batteries?

Battery specifications vary widely, with particular voltages suited for specific categories such as automotive, portable electronics, and emergency devices.

90. What are the types of rechargeable batteries? Which equipment is suitable for each?

Battery types, such as Ni-MH and lithium-ion, are tailored to match the operational requirements of various electronic equipment for optimal performance.

91. What are the types of batteries used in emergency lights?

Emergency lights may utilize sealed Ni-MH batteries or regulated lead-acid batteries, depending on specific operational standards.

92. How long is the service life of rechargeable batteries used in cordless phones?

Rechargeable batteries in cordless phones generally last 2-3 years, necessitating replacement under specific usage conditions.

93. Which type of battery can be used in remote control devices?

Remote control applications benefit from alkaline batteries but can also utilize rechargeable options under certain scenarios.

94. What types of battery products are there? Which application areas are they suitable for?

Ni-MH and lithium-ion batteries are utilized in various applications spanning from household appliances to portable electronics, reflecting their versatility and reliability.

Sixth, battery and environment

95. What impact does the battery have on the environment?

Hello, improper disposal of batteries can lead to environmental harm due to harmful materials, necessitating recycling efforts.

96. What is the impact of ambient temperature on battery performance?

Temperature directly affects battery efficiency, with extremes producing varying electrochemical responses that influence operational capabilities.

97. What is a green battery?

Green batteries are environmentally friendly technologies designed to minimize pollution while maximizing energy efficiency.

98. What are the "green batteries" currently being used and researched?

Research and model development focus on sustainable battery technologies like lithium polymer and advanced solar cell systems.

99. Where are the main hazards of used batteries?

Hazards mainly reside in improperly disposed batteries containing heavy metals that can leach into soil and water sources.

100. What are the ways for waste batteries to pollute the environment?

Long-term contamination from battery waste poses significant health risks, emphasizing the need for responsible disposal and recycling practices.